Experiencia SEFAC Semana Sin Humo 2021 / Experience SEFAC Smoke-free Week 2021

JUSTIFICACIÓN: para el Día Mundial Sin Tabaco, Fundación SEFAC y SEFAC, realizaron su campaña “Semana Sin Humo 2021”, en redes sociales dirigida tanto a Farmacéuticos Comunitarios como a pacientes, para concienciar a ambos de que el farmacéutico comunitario puede ayudar de manera eficaz a dejar de fumar. Objetivos: -Potenciar y dar herramientas que empoderen a los farmacéuticos comunitarios para realizar el consejo breve a través de videos cortos formativos e informativos.-Informar, promover y dar a conocer entre los pacientes la oportunidad del cese tabáquico que de manera accesible y profesional pueden hacer en la farmacia comunitaria.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se editaron 6 videos cortos realizados por FC del grupo de Respiratorio y Tabaquismo de SEFAC, difundidos en las redes sociales (Twitter e Instagram) durante la “Semana Sin Humo 2021”, 4 dirigidos a farmacéuticos comunitarios y 2 a pacientes.RESULTADOS: durante la duración de la campaña, los videos tuvieron un total de 3167 visualizaciones, con una media de 527,8 por video. Los dirigidos a los farmacéuticos comunitarios tuvieron una media de 488 visualizaciones, frente a 607,5 los de los pacientes. Contenido del vídeo. Visualizaciones. Las 5As del consejo breve para ayudar a dejar de fumar en farmacia comunitaria 880 'Semana sin humo': cinco razones para dejar de fumar 665 Intervención según el tipo de paciente fumador 425¿Qué tratamientos pueden encontrarse en la farmacia comunitaria? 550Caso práctico: intervención breve en cesación tabáquica 291 Guía de actuación farmacéutica a pie de mostrador: la terapia sustitutiva con nicotina 356 TOTAL3.167 (AU)

Inhibition of mitochondrial fission by Drp-1 blockade by short-term leptin and Mdivi-1 treatment improves white adipose tissue abnormalities in obesity and diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are chronic diseases characterized by insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction and morphological abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: We have investigated if dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis is involved in an animal model of obesity and diabetes. METHODS: The effect of short-term leptin and mdivi-1 - a selective inhibitor of Drp-1 fission-protein - treatment on mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis was evaluated in epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) from male ob/ob mice. RESULTS: An increase in Drp-1 protein levels and a decrease in Mfn2 and OPA-1 protein expression were observed with enhanced and sustained mitochondrial fragmentation in ob/ob mice compared to wt C57BL/6 animals (p < 0.05). The content of mitochondrial DNA and PGC-1α mRNA expression -both parameters of mitochondrial biogenesis- were reduced in ob/ob mice (p < 0.05). Treatment with leptin and mdivi-1 significantly increased mitochondrial biogenesis, improved fusion-to-fission balance and attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction, thus inducing white-to-beige adipocyte transdifferentiation. Measurements of glucose and lipid oxidation in adipocytes revealed that both leptin and mdivi-1 increase substrates oxidation while in vivo determination of blood glucose concentration showed decreased levels by 50% in ob/ob mice, almost to the wt level. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological targeting of Drp-1 fission protein may be a potential novel therapeutic tool for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Hemorragias cerebrales múltiples secundarias a coagulación intravascular diseminada en un paciente con COVID-19 / Multiple cerebral haemorrhages secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with COVID-19

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[Multiple cerebral haemorrhages secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with COVID-19]. / Hemorragias cerebrales múltiples secundarias a coagulación intravascular diseminada en un paciente con COVID-19.

TITLE: Hemorragias cerebrales múltiples secundarias a coagulación intravascular diseminada en un paciente con COVID-19.

Mobile robotic platforms for the acoustic tracking of deep-sea demersal fishery resources.

Knowing the displacement capacity and mobility patterns of industrially exploited (i.e., fished) marine resources is key to establishing effective conservation management strategies in human-impacted marine ecosystems. Acquiring accurate behavioral information of deep-sea fished ecosystems is necessary to establish the sizes of marine protected areas within the framework of large international societal programs (e.g., European Community H2020, as part of the Blue Growth economic strategy). However, such information is currently scarce, and high-frequency and prolonged data collection is rarely available. Here, we report the implementation of autonomous underwater vehicles and remotely operated vehicles as an aid for acoustic long-baseline localization systems for autonomous tracking of Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), one of the key living resources exploited in European waters. In combination with seafloor moored acoustic receivers, we detected and tracked the movements of 33 tagged lobsters at 400-m depth for more than 3 months. We also identified the best procedures to localize both the acoustic receivers and the tagged lobsters, based on algorithms designed for off-the-shelf acoustic tags identification. Autonomous mobile platforms that deliver data on animal behavior beyond traditional fixed platform capabilities represent an advance for prolonged, in situ monitoring of deep-sea benthic animal behavior at meter spatial scales.

Altered nitrogen metabolism in biocontrol strains of Penicillium rubens.

The importance of the metabolic route of nitrogen in the fungus Penicillium rubens (strain PO212) is studied in relation to its biocontrol activity (BA). PO212 can resist a high concentration of chlorate anion and displays a classical nitrate-deficiency (nit-) phenotype resulting in poor colonial growth when nitrate is used as the main source of nitrogen. Analyses of genes implicated in nitrate assimilation evidenced the strong sequence conservation of PO212 and CH8 genome with penicillin producers such as reference strain P. rubens Wisconsin 54-1255, P2niaD18 and Pc3, however also revealed the presence of mutations. PO212 carries a mutation in the gene coding for zinc-binuclear cluster transcription factor NirA that specifically mediates the regulation of genes involved in nitrate assimilation. The nirA1 mutation causes an early stop of NirA factor, losing 66% of its sequence. The NirA1 mutant form is unable to mediate a nitrate-dependent regulation of nitrate and nitrite reductase coding genes. In this study, we study another isolate, CH8, with potential BA and nit- phenotype. A mutation in the nitrate permease coding gene crnA was found in CH8. An insertion of a guanine in the coding sequence cause a frameshift in CrnA with the loss of the last two transmembrane domains. Analysis of PO212 and CH8 isolates and complementation strains show the importance of NirA regulator in maintaining correct transcriptional levels of nitrate and nitrite reductases and suggest CrnA as the main nitrate transporter. the presence of alternative transporter for chlorate and the existence of a mechanism for preventing nitrite derived toxicity in Penicillum. BA of PO212 is partially altered when nirA1 mutation was complemented. This result and the finding of CH8, a novel biocontrol P. rubens strain with a nit- phenotype, suggest that nitrogen metabolism is a component of biocontrol capacity.

Usefulness of multiparametric computerized tomography findings in the differential diagnosis of stroke mimics of epileptic origin: A preliminary study. / Utilidad de la tomografía computarizada cerebral multiparamétrica en el diagnóstico diferencial de patología comicial en el código ictus. Estudio preliminar.

OBJECTIVE: Thirty percent of the patients for whom code stroke is activated have stroke mimics, the most common being epilepsy. Our purpose was to evaluate the usefulness of multiparametric CT for differentiating between seizure-related symptoms and vascular events. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study; data were gathered prospectively during one year. We studied multiparametric CT images of patients admitted following code stroke activation and finally diagnosed with epilepsy. RESULTS: The study included a total of 11 patients; 36% were men and mean age was 74.5 years. Three patients had right hemisphere syndrome, 4 displayed left hemisphere syndrome, and the remaining 4 had isolated aphasia. Maximum time from symptom onset to multiparametric CT study was 8.16hours. Perfusion CT results were normal in 2 patients. Nine patients showed longer or shorter times to peak (Tmax); cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps varied. EEG was performed a maximum of 47.6hours after symptom onset. Four patients showed findings compatible with status epilepticus, 2 displayed focal epileptiform activity, and 5 showed post-ictal slowing ipsilateral to perfusion CT abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The most sensitive parameter for differentiating between stroke and epilepsy in our series was increased time to peak in multilobar cortical locations in the absence of large-vessel occlusion and basal ganglia involvement. Multiparametric CT is a fast, readily available, and useful tool for the differential diagnosis of acute-onset neurological signs of epileptic origin in patients initially attended after code stroke activation.

Sub-acute herpes simplex virus myelitis in a patient with esophageal cancer on chemo-radiation with 5-fluorouracil: a case report.

No reported cases to date describe herpes simplex virus (HSV) myelitis in association with cancer and chemo-radiation. We report a case of sub-acute HSV myelitis in a 54-year-old man receiving chemo-radiation with 5-flourouracil for esophageal cancer who presented to the emergency department with increasing numbness in both lower limbs that gradually spread to waist level. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadobutrol contrast 1 week later showed transverse myelitis involving the dorsal columns. Radiation-induced myelitis was suspected, and the patient was initially treated with dexamethasone; however, CSF analysis revealed HSV myelitis. Treatment with antivirals resolved much of the numbness. HSV myelitis can be confused with complications of radiation or malignancy in patients presenting with focal neurological deficits.

Arthroplasty knee registry of Catalonia: What scientific evidence supports the implantation of our prosthesis? / Registro de artroplastias de rodilla de Cataluña: ¿qué evidencia científica respalda la implantación de nuestras prótesis?

INTRODUCTION: In our environment, it is increasingly necessary to perform an activity based on scientific evidence and the field of prosthetic surgery should be governed by the same principles. The national arthroplasty registries allow us to obtain a large amount of data in order to evaluate this technique. The aim of our study is to analyse the scientific evidence that supports the primary total knee arthroplasties implanted in Catalonian public hospitals, based on the Arthoplasty Registry of Catalonia (RACat) MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature was carried out on knee prostheses (cruciate retaining, posterior stabilized, constricted and rotational) recorded in RACat between the period 2005-2013 in the following databases: Orthopedic Data Evaluation Panel, PubMed, TripDatabase and Google Scholar. The prostheses implanted in fewer than 10 units (1,358 prostheses corresponding to 62 models) were excluded. RESULTS: 41,947 prostheses (96.86%) were analysed out of 43,305 implanted, corresponding to 74 different models. In 13 models (n = 4,715) (11.24%) no clinical evidence to support their use was found. In the remaining 36 models (n = 13,609) (32.45%), level iv studies were the most predominant evidence. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant number of implanted prostheses (11.24%) for which no clinical evidence was found. The number of models should be noted, 36 out of 110, with fewer than 10 units implanted. The use of arthroplasty registries has proved an extremely useful tool that allows us to analyse and draw conclusions in order to improve the efficiency of this surgical technique.

Los grupos de morbilidad ajustados: un debate pendiente / Adjusted morbidity groups: A pending debate

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Pancreatic cancer heterogeneity and response to Mek inhibition.

Our increasing knowledge of the mechanisms behind the progression of pancreatic cancer (PC) has not yet translated into effective treatments. Many promising drugs have failed in the clinic, highlighting the need for better preclinical models to assess drug efficacy and characterize mechanisms of resistance. Using different experimental models, including patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we gauged the efficacy of therapies aimed at two hallmark lesions of PCs: activation of signaling pathways by oncogenic KRAS and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes. Although the drug targeting inactivation of tumor suppressors by DNA methylation had little effect, the inhibition of Mek, a K-Ras effector, in combination with the standard of care (chemotherapy consisting of gemcitabine/Nab-paclitaxel), reduced the growth of three out of five PC-PDXs and impaired metastasis. The two least responding PC-PDXs were composed of genetically diverse cells, which displayed sensitivities to the Mek inhibitor differing by >10-fold. Unexpectedly, our analysis of this genetic diversity unveiled different KRAS mutations. As mutation in KRAS occurs early during progression, this heterogeneity may reflect the simultaneous appearance of different malignant cellular clones or, alternatively, that cells containing two mutations of KRAS are selected during tumor evolution. In vitro and in vivo analyses indicated that the intratumoral heterogeneity, along with the selective pressure imposed by the Mek inhibitor, resulted in rapid selection of resistant cells. Together with the gemcitabine/Nab-paclitaxel backbone, Mek inhibition could be effective in treatment of PC. However, resistance because of intratumoral heterogeneity is likely to develop frequently, pointing to the necessity of identifying the factors and mechanisms of resistance to further develop this therapy.

Probabilidad clínica de tromboembolismo pulmonar: beneficio diagnóstico de las escalas de predicción y de los dímeros D / Clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism: diagnostic utility of prediction scores and D-dimer measurement

Objetivo: Determinar la precisión de las escalas de Wells, Ginebra y los dímeros-D en pacientes con sospecha clínica de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo de precisión diagnóstica de la sospecha de TEP (escalas de Wells y Ginebra y los dímeros D). Análisis de una base de datos de 637 pacientes consecutivos con sospecha de TEP ingresados en el servicio de urgencias generales de un hospital terciario. La medida de resultados muestra la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo/negativo (VPP/VPN) y las razones de verosimilitud positivas y negativas (RV+/RV-). El patrón oro fue la confirmación de TEP mediante la tomografía computarizada y el seguimiento a 3 meses. Resultados: La edad media fue de 67,9 (DE: 16,3) años y el 54,6% fueron mujeres. La prevalencia global de TEP fue 15,1%. Para la escala de Wells el VPN fue 85,3% (IC 95%: 82,1-88,0), el VPP 62,5% (IC 95%: 42,7-78,8), la sensibilidad 15,6% (IC 95%: 9,7-24,2), la especificidad 98,1% (IC 95%: 96,5-99,0), la RV+ 8,3 (IC 95%: 3,7-18,4) y la RV- 0,86 (IC 95%: 0,78-0,95). Para la de Ginebra, el VPN fue 82,8% (IC 95%: 78,9-86,0), el VPP 58,8% (IC 95%: 36,0-78,4), la sensibilidad 11,8% (IC 95%: 6,5-20,3), la especificidad 98,1% (IC 95%: 96,1-99,1), la RV+ 6,2 (IC 95%: 2,42-15,74) y la RV- 0,90 (IC 95%: 0,81-1,0). Para el dímero-D, el VPN fue 99,2% (IC 95%. 95,4-99,9), el VPP 21,7% (IC 95%: 18,1-25,9), la sensibilidad 98,9% (IC 95%: 94,2-99,8), especificidad 26,4% (IC 95%: 22,6-30,7), la RV+ 1,34 (IC 95%: 1,27-1,43) y la RV- 0,04 (IC 95%: 0,01-0,29). Conclusiones: De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos la escala de Wells y Ginebra son buenas candidatas para ser utilizadas en urgencias como escalas para establecer la sospecha de TEP; y la de Wells sería la escala de elección por su superior especificidad. Sin embargo ninguna de ellas puede ser utilizada como herramienta diagnóstica por su baja sensibilidad. Así mismo, los dímeros D son una prueba que nos permite excluir el TEP, cuando el resultado es negativo, pero éstos debieran ser aplicados conjuntamente con las escalas

Objective: To assess the utility of the Wells and Geneva scoring systems and D-dimer measurements when pulmonary embolism (PE) is suspected. Methods: Prospective cohort study of the diagnostic performance of the Wells and Geneva scores and D-dimer measurement. We analyzed data for 637 consecutive patients suspected of having PE; the patients were being treated in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. The following performance measures were assessed: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and the positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-). PE was confirmed by computed tomography and the patients were followed for the recommended 3 months. Results: The mean (SD) age was 67.9 (16.3) years and 54.6% of the patients were women. The prevalence of PE in the cohort was 15.1%. For the Wells score, the NPV was 85.3% (95% CI, 82.1%-88.0%), and the PPV was 62.5% (95% CI, 42.7%-78.8%). Sensitivity was 15.6% (95% CI, 9.7%-24.2%) and specificity 98.1% (95% CI, 96.5%-99.0%). The LR+ was 8.3 (95% CI, 3.7-18.4), and the LR- was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.78-0.95). For the Geneva score, the NPV was 82.8% (95% CI, 78.9%-86.0%), and the PPV was 58.8% (95% CI, 36.0%-78.4%). Sensitivity was 11.8% (95% CI, 6.5%-20.3%) and specificity 98.1% (95% CI, 96.1%-99.1%). The LR+ was 6.2 (95% CI, 2.42-15.74), and the LR- was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.81-1.0). For D-dimer level, the NPV was 99.2% (95% CI, 95.4%-99.9%), and the PPV was 21.7% (95% CI, 18.1%-25.9%). Sensitivity was 98.9% (95% CI, 94.2%-99.8%) and specificity 26.4% (95%, 22.6%-30.7%). The LR+ was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.27-1.43), and the LR- was 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01-0.29). Conclusions: The Wells and Geneva scoring systems are good useful in the emergency department for establishing a preliminary clinical diagnosis of suspected PE. The Wells score has better specificity. However, diagnosis cannot be based on any of these tools because of their low sensitivity. Similarly, D-dimer measurement can allow PE to be ruled out when the result is negative, but this criterion must be used in conjunction with the scoring systems

Aggression and prosocial behaviors in social conflicts mediating the influence of cold social intelligence and affective empathy on children's social preference.

This study proposes a model in which aggressive and prosocial behaviors exhibited in social conflicts mediate the influence of empathy and social intelligence to children's social preference by same-sex peers. Data were obtained from kindergarten to the end of the first grade. The sample yielded 117 Spanish children (64 girls and 53 boys) with a mean age of 62.8 months (SD = 3.3) at the beginning of the study. For boys, affective empathy contributed to boys' social preference through a decrease in physical aggression as responses to social conflict. For girls, affective empathy had an indirect effect on girls' preference by increasing assistance to others in their conflicts. No mediating effect in the contribution of social intelligence on girls' social preference was detected. Our results suggest that, only for girls, cold social intelligence can promote both indirect aggression (coercive strategic that do not leave social preference, at least at these ages) and behaviors that lead social preference (such as prosocial behaviors).

Abnormal mitochondrial fusion-fission balance contributes to the progression of experimental sepsis.

Sepsis-associated multiple organ failure is a major cause of mortality characterized by a massive increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite intensive research, determining events in the progression or reversal of the disease are incompletely understood. Herein, we studied two prototype sepsis models: endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-which showed very different lethality rates (2.5% and 67%, respectively)-, evaluated iNOS, ROS and respiratory chain activity, and investigated mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as possible processes involved in sepsis outcome. Endotoxemia and CLP showed different iNOS, ROS/RNS, and complex activities time-courses. Moreover, these alterations reverted after 24-h endotoxemia but not after CLP. Mitochondrial biogenesis was not elicited during the first 24 h in either model but instead, 50% mtDNA depletion was observed. Mitochondrial fusion and fission were evaluated using real-time PCR of mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1), and using electron microscopy. During endotoxemia, we observed a decrease of Mfn2-mRNA levels at 4-6 h, and an increase of mitochondrial fragmentation at 6 h. These parameters reverted at 24 h. In contrast, CLP showed not only decreased Mfn2-mRNA levels at 12-18 h but also increased Drp1-mRNA levels at 4 h, and enhanced and sustained mitochondrial fragmentation. The in vivo pretreatment with mdivi-1 (Drp1 inhibitor) significantly attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in CLP. Therefore, abnormal fusion-to-fission balance, probably evoked by ROS/RNS secondary to iNOS induction, contributes to the progression of sepsis. Pharmacological targeting of Drp1 may be a potential novel therapeutic tool for sepsis.

Salud autopercibida en niños escolarizados de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: estudio piloto como etapa para la adaptación transcultural de un instrumento para su evaluación / Self-assessed health in school children of Buenos Aires city: pilot study as a first step in the cultural adaptation of an instrument to be evaluated

La presente investigación se propone como objetivo final la adaptación conceptual, lingüística y métrica de un instrumento psicométrico, el Healthy Pathways Child-Report Scales (Bevans, Riley & Forrest, 2010), concebido para la evaluación de la salud autopercibida en niños y adolescentes tempranos. La meta de este trabajo, en particular, es dar cuenta de los resultados obtenidos durante los primeros pasos del proceso de validación transcultural, en una muestra de sujetos escolarizados de entre 8 y 14 años (Mediaedad=11 años; DE= 2) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.Como primera medida se realizó una traducción (inglés/español) de los ítems de la prueba, concretada por dos técnico-científicos de inglés, con lengua materna española. En la segunda etapa, se efectuaron entrevistas cognitivas a 30 niños y adolescentes, con el fin de evaluar la comprensión gramática y conceptual de los reactivos del instrumento. Al mismo tiempo se verificó si el período recordatorio solicitado, así como la extensión de las escalas, era adecuada para las características de los sujetos del medio local.Los resultados sugieren que es necesario redefinir las edades cronológicas a partir de las cuales puede comprenderse el contenido de los reactivos, el manejo de las nociones temporales, así como la cantidad de preguntas que componen la prueba.

Salud autopercibida en niños escolarizados de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: estudio piloto como etapa para la adaptación transcultural de un instrumento para su evaluación / Self-assessed health in school children of Buenos Aires city: pilot study as a first step in the cultural adaptation of an instrument to be evaluated

La presente investigación se propone como objetivo final la adaptación conceptual, ling³ística y métrica de un instrumento psicométrico, el Healthy Pathways Child-Report Scales (Bevans, Riley & Forrest, 2010), concebido para la evaluación de la salud autopercibida en niños y adolescentes tempranos. La meta de este trabajo, en particular, es dar cuenta de los resultados obtenidos durante los primeros pasos del proceso de validación transcultural, en una muestra de sujetos escolarizados de entre 8 y 14 años (Mediaedad=11 años; DE= 2) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.Como primera medida se realizó una traducción (inglés/español) de los ítems de la prueba, concretada por dos técnico-científicos de inglés, con lengua materna española. En la segunda etapa, se efectuaron entrevistas cognitivas a 30 niños y adolescentes, con el fin de evaluar la comprensión gramática y conceptual de los reactivos del instrumento. Al mismo tiempo se verificó si el período recordatorio solicitado, así como la extensión de las escalas, era adecuada para las características de los sujetos del medio local.Los resultados sugieren que es necesario redefinir las edades cronológicas a partir de las cuales puede comprenderse el contenido de los reactivos, el manejo de las nociones temporales, así como la cantidad de preguntas que componen la prueba.(AU)

Progesterone protective effects in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation.

Progesterone is a neuroprotective, promyelinating and anti-inflammatory factor for the nervous system. Here, we review the effects of progesterone in models of motoneurone degeneration and neuroinflammation. In neurodegeneration of the Wobbler mouse, a subset of spinal cord motoneurones showed increased activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), increased intramitochondrial NOS, decreased activity of respiratory chain complexes, and decreased activity and protein expression of Mn-superoxide dismutase type 2 (MnSOD2). Clinically, Wobblers suffered several degrees of motor impairment. Progesterone treatment restored the expression of neuronal markers, decreased the activity of NOS and enhanced complex I respiratory activity and MnSOD2. Long-term treatment with progesterone increased muscle strength, biceps weight and survival. Collectively, these data suggest that progesterone prevented neurodegeneration. To study the effects of progesterone in neuroinflammation, we employed mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE mice spinal cord showed increased mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediators tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and its receptor TNFR1, the microglial marker CD11b, inducible NOS and the toll-like receptor 4. Progesterone pretreatment of EAE mice blocked the proinflammatory mediators, decreased Iba1+ microglial cells and attenuated clinical signs of EAE. Therefore, reactive glial cells became targets of progesterone anti-inflammatory effects. These results represent a starting point for testing the usefulness of neuroactive steroids in neurological disorders.